Cloning_what_is_it Essays - Cloning, Genetics,

Cloning_what_is_it? Cloning What is Cloning? Cloning is the production of one or more individual plants or animals that are genetically identical to another plant or animal. Nature itself is the greatest cloning agent. In about one of every 75 human conceptions, the fertilized ovum splits for some unknown reason and produces monozygotic (identical) twins. Each has a genetic makeup identical to the other. Two very different procedures have been referred to as cloning: ? Embryo cloning has been successfully carried out for years on many species of animals. Some limited experimentation has been done on human embryos. ? Adult DNA cloning has been used to clone a sheep, but was not tried on humans until December 1998. How is Embryo Cloning is Done? Human embryo cloning starts with a standard in vitro fertilisation procedure. Sperm and an egg cell are mixed together on a glass dish. After conception, the zygote (fertilised egg) is allowed to develop into a blastula (a hollow mass of cells). The zygote divides first into two cells, then four, then eight... A chemical is added to the dish to remove the zona pellucida covering. This material provides nutrients to the cells to promote cell division. With the covering removed, the blastula is divided into individual cells, which are deposited on individual dishes. They are then coated with an artificial zona pellucida and allowed to divide and develop. The experiment by Sillman showed that the best results could be obtained by interrupting the zygote at the two-cell stage. Many of these pairs of zygotes were able to develop to the 32-cell stage, but no further. They might well have had the potential to develop further and even mature into a viable foetus, except that the original ovu m was defective and would have died anyway. For ethical reasons, the researchers selected embryos which had no possibility of ever maturing into foetuses, and thus into newborn babies. How is Adult DNA Cloning Done? With the exception of the sperm and egg, every cell in the body contains all of the genetic material in its DNA to theoretically create an exact clone of the original body. But cells have been biochemically programmed to perform limited functions. The other functions are turned off. Most scientists had believed that such differentiated cells could not be reprogrammed to be capable of behaving as a fertilized egg. In the case of the sheep Dolly?, a cell was taken from mammary tissue of a mature 6 year old sheep while its DNA was in a dormant state. It was fused with a sheep ovum which had had its nucleus removed. The fertilised cell was then stimulated with an electric pulse. Out of 277 attempts at cell fusion, only 29 began to divide. These were all implanted in ewes. 13 became pregnant but only one lamb, Dolly, was born. History of Cloning Cloning has had a fairly long history: ? The first successful cloning experiment involved a leopard frog. It took place in, 1952 with group of scientist from the Institute for Cancer Research in Philadelphia. To clone the frog they used an embryonic frog cell nucleus ? In 1962, John Gurdon of Cambridge University cloned a toad that survive threw adulthood and was able to reproduce. He was also the first to take a nucleus from a fully contrast tadpole intestinal cell and cloned toads(Robertson) ? In 1981, Steen Willadsen was the first to clone an artificial chimera. He did this by mixing a sheep and a goat getting the result of a geep. It had the body shape and the head of a goat, and a dappled coat which had large patches of sheep's wool ? In 1984, Willadsen cloned the first verifiable mammal, using embryonic nuclei transplant into an unfertilised sheep egg ? In 1986, when Willadsen worked for Texas bioengineering company, he produced the first cloned calves from cattle by using the embryonic nuclei. The cloned cattle that were produced were super-elite, high production dairy cows and bulls who had a high breeding rate ? In 1987, James Robl of the University of Massachusetts was the first to clone rabbits also using embryonic nuclei Going by these past events, who can say when we will be able to clone human organs or complete biocopies of human beings

Free Essays on Jungle

The Jungle Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle is the story of a Lithuanian family that immigrates from their home city in Lithuania to the city of Chicago. The novel begins with the strong description of a wedding in which Ona Lukoszaite and Jurgis Rudkus are united in Holy Matrimony. The two of them then move to Chicago, to live their American dream. Soon after the wedding, Ona and Jurgis have many great debts to pay due to both the wedding, and a large debt that Ona’s father left them after he died. Due to Jurgis’s large size and strong will he found a job in Chicago within only a half an hour of waiting in the unemployment line. Back in the newlywed’s hometown of Lithuania, Ona and Jurgis’ family anticipated a move to America. America uses the image of the â€Å"American Dream† to lure immigrants to this land of opportunity. The family desperately desires higher wages and true freedom. For months and months, Jurgis works very hard to pay for the families travel to Ona and Jurgis’ new hometown, Chicago. When the family finally makes it to America, their funds are very low. They met with a well off man named Jokubas Szedvilas who placed the family in a run down youth hostel. Jokubas takes the family to the meatpacking factory. He makes jokes about the sanitation of the operation (due only to the lack of quality of the meat). The family finds an advertisement for a housing complex that is very cheap. They talk to a real estate agent and they go see the housing complex. The houses aren’t as big and luxurious as they are pictured in the advertisement, but the price is right. The real estate agent swindles them, and they are pulled into the contract. Sinclair emphasizes the corruption of upper class society during this era. Jurgis’s father, Dede Antanas, is promised a job by a grubby worker, but only if he pays that worker one third of his wages. He takes the job despite the disgusting working co... Free Essays on Jungle Free Essays on Jungle THE JUNGLE A boss according to Webster’s Dictionary is one who has authority over another. Bosses exist and have existed throughout all of history. Bosses managed the slaves of America. In THE JUNGLE bosses directed the lives, work, and politics of Packingtown and bosses manage labor today. The behavior of bosses over time has varied and varies according to their own personal natures, the character of their own employers and the regulatory systems set in place to control them. Certainly today our ‘bosses‘ are controlled in behavior by multiple government regulations limiting hours, sexual interactions, hiring and firing practices, health care, wages etc. Throughout history bosses have been oppressive, indifferent, or, even sometimes humane. Upton Sinclair’s Packingtown bosses driven by wealthy industrialists evidenced some of the worst behaviors of men managing other men. It was felt that even the slaves of the South were often better treated than the ‘wage slaves’ of the North. Sadly abuse of the ‘wage slave’ was not limited to men but included women, the very few that lived to be elderly, and even young children. Bosses manipulated women in age old sexual harrassment forcing them to give in to demands against their moral standards. The goal, of course, for the boss was financial gain for his employer – the wealthy industrialist of Packingtown, Chicago. In Packingtown, the labor force was composed mainly of new immigrants who were struggling with language, culture, and poverty. These people were targeted for many of the abuses designed to exact the greatest financial rewards for the meat packing industry. In his book, Sinclair also details the horrifying abuse of processing the product which actually touched the sensitivities of the American people more than the abuses of the labor force. In any case, this paper addresses the treatment and effects of labor pr... Free Essays on Jungle The Jungle Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle is the story of a Lithuanian family that immigrates from their home city in Lithuania to the city of Chicago. The novel begins with the strong description of a wedding in which Ona Lukoszaite and Jurgis Rudkus are united in Holy Matrimony. The two of them then move to Chicago, to live their American dream. Soon after the wedding, Ona and Jurgis have many great debts to pay due to both the wedding, and a large debt that Ona’s father left them after he died. Due to Jurgis’s large size and strong will he found a job in Chicago within only a half an hour of waiting in the unemployment line. Back in the newlywed’s hometown of Lithuania, Ona and Jurgis’ family anticipated a move to America. America uses the image of the â€Å"American Dream† to lure immigrants to this land of opportunity. The family desperately desires higher wages and true freedom. For months and months, Jurgis works very hard to pay for the families travel to Ona and Jurgis’ new hometown, Chicago. When the family finally makes it to America, their funds are very low. They met with a well off man named Jokubas Szedvilas who placed the family in a run down youth hostel. Jokubas takes the family to the meatpacking factory. He makes jokes about the sanitation of the operation (due only to the lack of quality of the meat). The family finds an advertisement for a housing complex that is very cheap. They talk to a real estate agent and they go see the housing complex. The houses aren’t as big and luxurious as they are pictured in the advertisement, but the price is right. The real estate agent swindles them, and they are pulled into the contract. Sinclair emphasizes the corruption of upper class society during this era. Jurgis’s father, Dede Antanas, is promised a job by a grubby worker, but only if he pays that worker one third of his wages. He takes the job despite the disgusting working co...

Crowdsourcing Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Crowdsourcing - Term Paper Example Basically, the crowdsourcing is a distributed problem-solving, online and production environment that has appeared in recent years. Some of the well-known instances of this model comprise iStockphoto, Threadless, InnoCentive, the Goldcorp Challenge, and user-generated advertising contests. The term â€Å"crowdsourcing† was first time used in the June 2006 by Jeff Howe and Mark Robinson in an issue of Wired Magazine. Basically, they used this term to outline a modern and innovative online business environment that can be used for the presentation of the innovative solutions of a distributed network of isolated users through what amounts to an open call for proposals. Howe further clarifies this term by providing some details associated with this environment. According to their viewpoint, crowdsourcing refers to the process of an institution or organization getting a task that was previously carried out by its internal team workers or staff members and outsourcing it to an open- ended (and usually huge) group of individuals or teams through an open call. Though, this process can appear in the form of peer-production (where a task is carried out by a team of professionals collaboratively), however it can also be carried out by individuals separately. In this scenario, the key idea is the use of the open call format in order to attract a huge network of possible individuals (Brabham, Crowdsourcing as a Model for Problem Solving: An Introduction and Cases, 2008). Technically, this term can be defined as â€Å"an organization takes the design, constructs it in bulk quantity and trades it.† This process works in a smooth and sequential manner in which, an organization first distributes an issue or problem online or via other channels, after that a large number of people provide solutions and ideas to deal with that specific problem, most effective solutions or ideas are granted some kind of a reward, and the organization that distributed those problems ma kes use of that idea for its own benefit. In their paper (Brabham, Crowdsourcing as a Model for Problem Solving: An Introduction and Cases, 2008) discuss a number of examples to clarify the concept of crowdsourcing. Some of the important cases are outlined below: Threadless The first example that (Brabham, Crowdsourcing as a Model for Problem Solving: An Introduction and Cases, 2008) discussed in their paper is of Threadless.com, which is an internet based t-shirt firm. This firm has successfully utilized the concept of crowdsourcing. This firm basically crowdsources the design method for their shirts by means of a partial online competition. In this competition Jacob DeHart and Jake Nickell took part and Nickell won the competition. The company successfully implemented the designs proposed by contestants. In this scenario, the crowdsourcing model helped the firm in earning considerable revenue. Up till 2006, Threadless was ‘selling more than 60,000 T-shirts per month, and had a profit margin of approximately 35% and was on the right track to gross $18 million, all with only 20 staff members. There are no hard and fast rules for joining the